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This 15th edition of the Agricultural Outlook edition presents the outlook for commodity markets during the 2009 to 2018 period, and analyses world market trends for the main agricultural products, as well as biofuels. It provides an assessment of agricultural market prospects for production, consumption, trade, stocks and prices of the included commodities.
This edition of the Outlook was prepared in a period of unprecedented financial market turmoil and rapidly deteriorating global economic prospects. Because macroeconomic conditions are changing so quickly, this report complements the standard baseline projections with an analysis of revised short-term GDP prospects and alternative GDP recovery paths. Lower GDP scenarios result in lower commodity prices, with reductions in crop and biofuel prices about one-half those for livestock products. A sensitivity analysis to highly uncertain crude oil prices shows the important links between energy and agricultural prices. The Outlook also reports on a survey of various actors in the agri-food chain in terms of the current impacts of the global economic crisis and credit market constraints.
The issue of food security and the capacity of the agricultural sector to meet the rising demand for food remains very high on the international political agenda. This report provides a brief overview of critical factors such as land availability, productivity gains, water usage and climate change, and suggests that agricultural production could be significantly increased, provided there is sufficient investment in research, infrastructure and technological change, particularly in developing countries. -
Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales 2009
Collectif
- Oecd
- 13 Décembre 2010
- 9789264075184
Ce rapport annuel dresse un état des mesures prises au cours des douze mois écoulés par les 41 gouvernements adhérents pour renforcer la contribution des Principes directeurs à un meilleur fonctionnement de l'économie mondiale. En neuf ans, les principes directeurs se sont imposés comme l'un des grands instruments mondiaux de la responsabilité d'entreprise comme en témoignent le dernier conseil ministériel de 2009 de l'OCDE et le sommet du G8 de L'Aquila. Cette édition 2009 contient les résultats de la Table ronde de l'OCDE sur la responsabilité des entreprises : « Pouvoir des consommateurs et conduite responsable des entreprises ».
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Regions in Switzerland are performing well in many respects. They have high levels of GDP per capita and low unemployment rates, and some regions show impressive growth rates. In addition, Swiss regions have not been confronted with the challenges faced by many similar regions in the OECD, such as limited access to services and population decline due to ageing or emigration. Regional labour productivity growth still requires further policy attention.
In order to improve regional economic performance, Switzerland introduced the New Regional Policy (NRP) in 2008, following the 2002 OECD Territorial Review of Switzerland. The NRP reflects a clear shift of focus from infrastructure and financial assistance towards economic support for the creation of value added to the regional economy. The current review provides recommendations on how the impact of the NRP can be increased through extended territorial coverage, inter-cantonal co-operation, and co-ordination of sectoral policies. This review also takes a close look at regional innovation policies, arguing that a division of roles should be achieved, with the federal level funding research and technology transfer on a country-wide basis, and cantons providing innovation support according to functional areas. -
Public administration has entered a new age. In the 1980s, "less" government was the prevailing idea; in the 1990s and early 21st century, "New Public Management" was the dominant theme. Today, public administration is moving in new directions. Reforms are focusing on the quality of services for citizens and businesses and on the efficiency of administration (the "back office" of government). The OECD is studying these new trends in a multi-annual, cross-country project called "Value for Money in Government".
This publication focuses on the Netherlands and covers:
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Value for money in government
Chapter 2 - Benchmarks for the Dutch central government
Chapter 3 - Overview of previous Dutch reforms
Chapter 4 - Reforming the Dutch central government: Recommendations -
Naturalisation: A Passport for the Better Integration of Immigrants?
Collective
- Oecd
- 13 Avril 2011
- 9789264099104
This conference proceedings provides the papers presented at the OECD/European Commission joint seminar on Naturalisation and the Socio-Economic Integration of Children held in October 2010 in Brussels. It takes stock of the current knowledge regarding the links between host-country nationality and socio-economic integration of immigrants and their children, building on novel evidence on this issue. It also discusses the role of nationalisation as a tool in the overall framework for immigration and integration policy, with the aim of identifying good practices.
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Competitiveness and Private Sector Development: Kazakhstan 2010
Collective
- Oecd
- 19 Mai 2011
- 9789264089792
Since 2000, the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been growing at an annual rate of between 8%-9%, making it one of the ten highest performing economies in the world. Kazakhstan alone attracts more foreign direct investment than all other Central Asian countries together. To date, the country's strong economic performance has been driven largely by its natural resources sector. The oil and gas sectors alone attract three quarters of foreign investment inflows. However, Kazakhstan's non-energy sectors also have competitive advantages that could be potential new sources for growth.
In 2009 Kazakhstan launched a far-reaching programme to diversify its sources of foreign direct investment. To support this effort, it asked the OECD to undertake a three-year Sector Competitiveness Review. This report represents the first phase of this Review, which is an assessment and strategy to help Kazakhstan enhance the competitiveness of non-energy sectors including agribusiness, fertilizers, logistics, business services and information technology. While it acknowledges that the government has successfully implemented a first generation of business climate reforms, the report recommends that sector-specific policy barriers be further addressed. For example, policy makers could stimulate quality improvements and modernise production in some sectors by facilitating access to finance, attracting modern retailers and addressing skills gaps in the workforce. -
This report examines the ways in which wider policies can be use to support our common development objectives. It focuses on areas requiring collective action by the entire international community, and complements the OECD's continuing work on aid effectiveness and monitoring aid flows.
It starts from two premises. First, policies ranging from trade and investment to tax and fiscal transparency, corporate governance, climate change, resource security and social policy have a profound impact on the prospects for achieving sustainable development. Second, whilst these require action by national governments and regional organisations in both developed and developing countries, in today's interconnected world they also require collective action by the entire international community.
The report covers 18 development policy topics divided into four broad categories: sustainable economic growth, economic governance, the environment and natural resource security, and society. Together these reflect the OECD's mission to promote better policies for better lives. -
In all OECD countries, governments collect revenues through taxes and redistribute this public money, often by obligatory spending on social programmes such as education or health care. Their tax systems usually include "tax expenditures" - provisions that allow certain groups of people, such as small businessmen, retired people or working mothers, or those who have undertaken certain activities, such as charitable donations, to pay less in taxes.
The use of tax expenditures by governments is pervasive and growing. At a time when many government budgets are threatened by population ageing and adverse cyclical developments, there is a pressing need to avoid inefficient government programmes, some of which may utilise tax expenditures.
This book sheds light on the use of tax expenditures, mainly through a study of ten OECD countries: Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. This book will help government officials and the public better understand some of the technical and policy issues behind the use of tax expenditures. It highlights key trends and successful practices, and addresses a broad range of government finance issues, including tax policy making, tax and budget efficiency, fiscal responsibility and rule making. -
The movement of personnel between employment in the public and private sectors, referred to as the "revolving door" phenomenon, raises particular attention in the context of the response of governments to the financial and economic crisis.
This OECD survey of 30 member countries shows that the vast majority of countries have established basic standards for preventing post-public employment conflict of interest. But few have tailored these standards to address risk areas and professions such as regulators or public procurement officials. Enforcing standards and imposing suitable sanctions remains a challenge for many countries.
The principles presented in this volume serve as a point of reference for policy makers and managers to review and modernise post-public employment policies. It is part of the pathfinding efforts of the OECD to promote public sector integrity for cleaner, fairer and stronger economies. -
Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2009
Collective
- Oecd
- 20 Mai 2010
- 9789264075191
The Guidelines are recommendations to international business for conduct in such areas as labour, environment, consumer protection and the fight against corruption. The recommendations are made by the adhering governments and, although not binding, governments are committed to promoting their observance. This Annual Report provides an account of the actions taken by the 41 adhering governments over the 12 months to June 2009 to enhance the contribution of the Guidelines to the improved functioning of the global economy. In nine years, the Guidelines have consolidated their position as one of the world's principal corporate responsibility instruments
This edition focuses on consumer empowerment and responsible business conduct, notably the positive impact responsible consumers can exercise on international business behaviour through their purchasing decisions and OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises' role in promoting and protecting consumer interests. Special attention is given to supply chains, financial institutions and climate change.
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Accountability and Transparency: A Guide for State Ownership
Collective
- Oecd
- 2 Février 2010
- 9789264056640
Using this Guide will facilitate the practical implementation of the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises in the areas of transparency and accountability. It provides viable policy options and a step-by-step road map on how to address typical difficulties, risks and hurdles that may be encountered. It also provides concrete examples of good practices that can serve as a reference and inspiration. The Guide will help governments, their ownership entities and other stakeholders to evaluate existing practices and support reforms. In most countries, improving transparency and accountability in state-owned enterprises entails a number of complex challenges. Addressing these, with the help of this Guide, is an important step in the process of establishing well-governed and economically sound state-owned enterprises
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The markets for goods and services have undergone significant changes over the past 20 years. Regulatory reform, more open global markets, new technologies, and growth in the role of services in economic activity have driven the changes, which in many instances have provided significant benefits to consumers. Relatively little attention has been paid to the challenges these developments have posed for consumers. More choice and more complexity in many markets have made it increasingly difficult for them to compare and assess the value of products and services. The challenges for consumers have raised similar challenges for the government authorities responsible for protecting them from unfair commercial practices and fraud. This book examines how markets have evolved and provides insights for improved consumer policy making. It explores, for the first time, how what we have learned through the study of behavioural economics is changing the way policy makers are addressing problems.
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This review of regional policy in Sweden finds that Sweden has recently renewed focus on promoting development opportunities in all regions and has introduced a gradual regionalisation process with a strong bottom-up approach. Yet challenges remain, particularly concerning knowledge diffusion and urban-rural linkages. Further efforts to achieve critical mass and improve co-ordination can help better address local needs. This Review explores the potential for enhanced innovation and entrepreneurship in both urban and rural areas and provides recommendations to strengthen Sweden's regional development strategies through improved governance mechanisms, both regionally and across levels of government.
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OECD's review of rural policy in Quebec. It finds that in rural Québec, both population and personal income are growing, on average, and the province's economic base continues to diversify. Land occupancy is more homogenous than in the rest of Canada, due to the presence of denser networks of small and medium-sized communities. However, mirroring the situation at the national level, the province displays large regional disparities. The sustainability of some rural communities, especially if remote and resource-based, is challenged by demographic and economic decline. In this context, Québec has developed one of the most advanced rural policy approaches in the OECD, closely in line with the framework suggested in the OECD's New Rural Paradigm. The province's rural policy does not have a sectoral focus, and aims at community empowerment and land occupancy.
To maximize returns on its rural policy investments, Québec needs to integrate social development more strongly with economic and entrepreneurial development, and further strengthen the supra-local level of government as the centre for rural and territorial development strategies. This should be combined with stabilisation measures in lagging areas, through the accumulation of human capital and enhanced access to land in predominantly rural territories. To address environmental challenges, natural resources should be protected both in the outskirts of metropolitan zones and in remote areas. -
Dedicated public-private partnership (PPP) units are organisations set up with full or partial aid of the government to ensure that the skills needed to handle third-party provision of goods and services are made available and clustered together within government. Such units enhance the capacity of government to successfully manage the risks associated with a growing number and value of PPPs. Although a relatively recent phenomenon, in 2009 more than half of all OECD countries reported the existence of a dedicated unit of some kind.
This book provides an overview of dedicated PPP units in OECD countries, including case studies covering: the State of Victoria (Australia), Germany, Korea, South Africa (an OECD enhanced engagement country), and the United Kingdom. It examines the functions and locations of dedicated PPP units, the role they play in the procurement process and the lessons learned for other countries that have already established or are considering establishing a dedicated PPP unit.
Further reading
Public-Private Partnerships: In Pursuit of Risk Sharing and Value for Money (OECD, 2008) -
Despite the promise they hold out, implementing information and communication technologies (ICTs) in clinical care has proven to be a very difficult undertaking. More than a decade of efforts provide a picture of significant public investments, resulting in both notable successes and some highly publicised costly delays and failures. This has been accompanied by a failure to achieve widespread understanding among the general public and the medical profession of the benefits of electronic record keeping and information exchange.
With consistent cross-country information on these issues largely absent, the OECD has used lessons learned from case studies in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United States to identify the opportunities offered by ICTs and to analyse under what conditions these technologies are most likely to result in efficiency and quality-of-care improvements. The findings highlight a number of practices or approaches that could usefully be employed in efforts to improve and accelerate the adoption and use of these technologies. -
Obesity has risen to the top of the public health policy agenda worldwide. Before 1980, rates were generally well below 10%. They have since doubled or tripled in many countries, and in almost half of the OECD, 50% or more of the population is overweight. A key risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, obesity is a major public health concern.
There is a popular perception that explanations for the obesity epidemic are simple and solutions within reach. But the data reveal a more complicated picture, one in which even finding objective evidence on the phenomenon is difficult. Policy makers, health professionals and academics all face challenges in understanding the epidemic and devising effective counter strategies.
This book contributes to evidence-based policy making by exploring multiple dimensions of the obesity problem. It examines the scale and characteristics of the epidemic, the respective roles and influence of market forces and governments, and the impact of interventions. It outlines an economic approach to the prevention of chronic diseases that provides novel insights relative to a more traditional public health approach.
The analysis was undertaken by the OECD, partly in collaboration with the World Health Organization. The main chapters are complemented by special contributions from health and obesity experts, including Marc Suhrcke, Tim Lobstein, Donald Kenkel and Francesco Branca.
"This book presents a valuable set of results and suggestions about the best preventive interventions to reduce the burden of obesity. It will aid any country concerned about this burden in defining public policies aimed at altering current trends."
- Julio Frenk, Dean, Harvard School of Public Health
"The positive message of this book is that the obesity epidemic can be successfully addressed by comprehensive strategies involving multiple interventions directed at individuals and populations."
- Ala Alwan, Assistant Director-General, World Health Organization
"This innovative and well-researched book combines insights from a wide range of disciplines. It provides a clear exposition of the evidence that policy makers need to take action."
- Martin McKee, Professor of European Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
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This report maps and analyses the core issues which together make up effective regulatory management for France, laying down a framework of what should be driving regulatory policy and reform in the future. Issues examined include: strategy and policies for improving regulatory management; institutional capacities for effective regulation and the broader policy making context; transparency and processes for effective public consultation and communication; processes for the development of new regulations, including impact assessment and for the management of the regulatory stock, including administrative burdens; compliance rates, enforcement policy and appeal processes; and the multilevel dimension: interface between different levels of government and interface between national processes and those of the EU. This book is part of a project examining better regulation, being carried out in partnership with the European Commission.
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The importance of effective regulation has never been so clear as it is today, in the wake of the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. But how exactly can Better Regulation policy improve countries' economic and social welfare prospects, underpin sustained growth and strengthen their resilience? What, in fact, is effective regulation? What should be the shape and direction of Better Regulation policy over the next decade? To respond to these questions, the OECD has launched, in partnership with the European Commission, a major project examining Better Regulation developments in 15 OECD countries in the EU, including Sweden. Each report maps and analyses the core issues which together make up effective regulatory management, laying down a framework of what should be driving regulatory policy and reform in
the future. Issues examined include:
o Strategy and policies for improving regulatory management.
o Institutional capacities for effective regulation and the broader policy making context.
o Transparency and processes for effective public consultation and communication.
o Processes for the development of new regulations, including impact assessment, and for the management of the regulatory stock, including administrative burdens.
o Compliance rates, enforcement policy and appeal processes.
o The multilevel dimension: interface between different levels of government and interface between national processes and those of the EU.
The participating countries are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. -
Trade and Economic Effects of Responses to the Economic Crisis
Collective
- Oecd
- 26 Août 2010
- 9789264088436
The dramatic collapse in world trade in 2009 is, this report shows, mainly due to: the drop in demand for highly traded products; the drying up of trade finance; and the vertically integrated nature of global supply chains. Contrary to expectations, protectionist measures were relatively muted and did not play a significant part. In fact, because of their sheer size, stimulus measures may have had more impact on trade than direct trade policy measures Nevertheless, dollar for dollar, direct trade restricting measures have the most strongly negative impacts on growth and employment: a one dollar increase in tariff revenues results in a USD 2.16 drop in world exports and a USD 0.73 drop in world income.
The analyses presented here suggest that exit strategies from measures to deal with the crisis will be most effective in boosting growth and jobs if they first roll back measures that discriminate between domestic and foreign firms and those that target specific sectors. General demand stimulus measures and active labour market policies are preferable under current conditions. -
Mortality Risk Valuation in Environment, Health and Transport Policies
Collective
- Oecd
- 18 Janvier 2012
- 9789264130807
The book presents a major meta-analysis of 'value of a statistical life' (VSL) estimates derived from surveys where people around the world have been asked about their willingness to pay for small reduction in mortality risks. The analysis seeks to explain the differences in the estimates, for example across countries. Differences in incomes and the magintude of the risk reduction people have been asked to value were found to be the factors having the strongest impact on VSL, but a number of other policy-relevant factors are also important. Based on the meta-analysis, and a broad review of the literature, the book also presents clear advice on how VSL values best can be used in assessments of environmental, health and transport policies, such as in cost-benefit analyses. Using explicit VSL estimates to quantify the benefits to society of fatality risk reductions can play an important role in the development of more cost-effective public policies.
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Le programme d'examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d'environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l'action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l'apprentissage entre pairs, d'encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d'améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales.
L'examen de la situation et des politiques environnementales en Israël pour l'année 2011 évalue les progrès accomplis dans le domaine du développement durable, de la gestion des ressources naturelles, de l'intégration des politiques environnementales et économiques et du renforcement de la coopération internationale. Cet ouvrage est le premier examen effectué par l'OCDE des performances environnementales d'Israël.
Sommaire
Partie I. Développement durable
Chapitre 1. Vers une croissance verte
Chapitre 2. Gestion de l'environnement
Chapitre 3. Coopération internationale
Partie II. Sujets sélectionnés
Chapitre 4. Eau
Chapitre 5. Conservation et exploitation durable de la biodiversité
Chapitre 6. Changement climatique et qualité de l'air
Chapitre 7. Gestion des déchets
Des informations complémentaires sur le programme d'examens environnementaux de l'OCDE peuvent être obtenues en ligne à l'adresse suivante : www.oecd.org/env/examenspays.
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Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République slovaque 2011
Collectif
- Oecd
- 6 Février 2012
- 9789264121850
Le programme d'examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d'environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l'action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l'apprentissage entre pairs, d'encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d'améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales.
Cet ouvrage est le deuxième examen effectué par l'OCDE des performances environnementales de la République slovaque. Le précédent examen a été publié en 2002.
Sommaire
Partie I. Développement durable
Chapitre 1. Évolutions depuis l'examen de 2002
Chapitre 2. Pour une croissance verte
Chapitre 3. Mise en oeuvre de la politique de l'environnement
Chapitre 4. Coopération internationale
Partie II. Sujets sélectionnés
Chapitre 5. Changement climatique et énergie
Chapitre 6. Agriculture et environnement
Des informations complémentaires sur le programme d'examens environnementaux de l'OCDE peuvent être obtenues en ligne à l'adresse suivante : www.oecd.org/env/examenspays. -
Strategic Environmental Assessment in Development Practice
Collective
- Oecd
- 14 Février 2012
- 9789264166745
The principles of sustainable development play an integral role in making development assistance work at the level of policies, plans and programmes. In response to the Paris Declaration call to ... develop and apply common approaches for Strategic Environmental Assessment' at sector and national levels among donors and partners, the Guidance on Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment was endorsed in 2006 by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, representatives of developing countries receiving aid, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and many other agencies. Since then, a growing number of countries at all levels of development have legislation or regulations prescribing the application of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and many more are introducing it as part of their policy tools. This is creating unique opportunities for better policy making and planning by incorporating environmental considerations into high-level decision-making and opening new mechanisms to build consensus on development priorities within governments themselves and between governments and societies.
Many development co-operation agencies and their partners are already making good progress in applying SEA. This publication presents the nine most interesting case studies of SEA in progress, selected from a total 100. These nine cases highlight that SEA can:
Safeguard environmental assets for sustainable poverty reduction and development;
Build public engagement in decision making;
Prevent costly mistakes by alerting decision-makers to potentially unsustainable development options at an early stage in the decision-making process;
Speed up implementation of projects and programmes;
Facilitate co-operation around shared environmental resources and contribute to conflict prevention.
